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Jupiter
Topic Started: May 22 2009, 07:57 PM (6,147 Views)
Hinoa
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Peakay
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me IRL

Don't be exaggerated.
>_>
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SeaMonkeyFarmer
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Wifey

Whee~! Go Jupiter!
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Hinoa
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Princek
May 23 2009, 06:29 PM
Wait what? How could we possibly beat mercury?

DO NOT BELITTLE THE POWER OF THE WIND
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cock ninja

HINOA = SHEBA! 8D
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Hinoa
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Sacra
May 23 2009, 06:32 PM
HINOA = SHEBA! 8D

Except male and a good 8 years older.
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Adnarel
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I'd rather be outside.

HINOA = :sheba:
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Wifey

I always knew Hinoa was a girl!
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Peakay
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me IRL

Hinoa
May 23 2009, 10:32 PM
Princek
May 23 2009, 06:29 PM
Wait what? How could we possibly beat mercury?

DO NOT BELITTLE THE POWER OF THE WIND

8D
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Adnarel
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I'd rather be outside.

I want to see more Jupitarians in Sol's topic. D=
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cock ninja

GUYS WE HAVE PROOF HERE'S THE PICS :

:sheba:
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Adnarel
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I'd rather be outside.

:sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba::sheba:<!--emo&:sheba
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cock ninja

OMG IT'S LIKE A MILLION HINOAS
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Wifey

It's scary!
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cock ninja

It's... arousing!
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I'd rather be outside.

XD
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cock ninja

Nyaa!
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Effects of Biotic and Abiotic Factors on the Plant Height and Biomass of Brassica rapa

Tori Nair, Cara Voelliger, Matthew Winkler
Drake University, Biology 013L
March 2008











Abstract
The objective in this experiment was not only to plant and grow Brassica rapa, but also to also determine what effects abiotic and biotic factors have on the individual growth of the plant. To determine seedling density, 1 group used 2 seeds planted per container, while another group used 10 seeds per container. Containers were halfway filled with potting mix, and contained 4 of the Osmocote smart-release plant food pellets. Two other groups tested for soil. These used 3 plant containers and were filled with potting mix. Three potting containers were filled with sand, and 3 potting containers were filled with topsoil. Four seeds were planted in every individual container and watered. The other experiment groups tested fertilizer effectiveness using 9 plant containers that held a 50/50 topsoil-sand mixture. Three out of the 9 plants containers received no fertilizer pellets, 3 were filled with 2 fertilizer pellets, and 3 received 4 fertilizer pellets. After the fertilizer pellets were placed in the plant containers, pots were filled with topsoil and sand, and were watered. All plants for all experiments were stored in a greenhouse. Results showed that all null hypotheses failed to be rejected, except for the one concerning seedling density and plant mass. There were no results for the soil component due to poor growing conditions.





Introduction
The Wisconsin Fast Plant is a member of the kingdom Plantae, phylum Magnoliophyta, class Magnoliopsida, order Brassicales, family Brassicaceae, genus Brassica, and species Rapa. Due to the ability of plants in general to hybridize easily, and due to the similar phenotypical natures of the entire genus Brassica, the distinct identity and properties of Brassica rapa has been the subject of some confusion, even in the scientific community. Most notably, as Halfhill relates, misunderstanding between the species Brassica rapa and Brassica napus occurs, especially since the two species can interbreed to produce viable offspring. Brassica napus is the oilseed rape crop plant, which is widely used in agriculture. Varieties of weedy B. rapa mix with the commercial strains of B. napus to produce viable offspring. And whereas weedy B. rapa is treated with herbicide, a hybrid of B. rapa and B. napus is herbicide resistant (Halfhill, 2005). This being such, the species Brassica rapa has been described as being any variety of plants, from cabbage to kohlrabi. In order to have a better understanding of what the plant exactly is, a return to Linnaeus must be undertaken.
Carolus Linnaeus described the plant first in 1753 (Oost, 1987). According to that study’s descriptions, Brassica rapa refers to a domesticated type of turnip used for fodder and other agricultural ends in England at the time. The plant B. rapa, as Linnaeus wrote, could be found in fields of Europe as the turnip plant. A related species, Brassica campestris, grew wild on roadsides as a weed. Considering Halfhill’s description as B. rapa being the weedy species, the confusion in the scientific community becomes more evident. Oost’s 1987 study makes a differentiation in its detailed study of the genus Brassica between the species rapa and campestris. No mention is made to the species napus in the Oost study. The Encyclopædia Britannica (2008) lists B. rapa as the turnip, B. napus as the rape plant, and B. campestris as another plant from which oil can be harvested. Interestingly enough, though, the Britannica article lists B. rapa as an alternate name to B. campestris.
That being such, a universal description of the plant Brassica rapa is hard to come by. It is difficult to assign common characteristics to a species which is assigned to mustard to often as it is cauliflower. Regardless, the flower for this species in all its manifestations includes four petals, usually in pastel colors. The seeds are produced in pods. The exact identity of the plant used in this experiment, that is to say, which type of B. rapa it was, was not able to be discerned. The plants did not grow higher than shoots.
Population density can be defined as the number of organisms living in a specific area. It is an abiotic factor that can greatly affect an organism’s life. For example, if there is a high population density for an organism, it may have limited access to the resources it needs to survive. This can lead to strong competition among organisms, and decreased overall health. In most cases of the plant kingdom, this is the case. Sometimes, however, high population density can benefit the organism. In an experiment studying the species Brassica kaber, density was controlled in potted plants. The results of this experiment showed that high-density populations of Brassica kaber had higher pollen productivity (Kunin, 1997).
Population density of an organism can also affect other organisms that interact with it. O’Donovan’s 1994 study found that by keeping Brassica rapa at a certain population density, it can considerably decrease the impact of weeds. This information can be very beneficial to farmers, especially those who don’t like to use herbicides. Planting seeds at the correct intervals can decrease set the plant competition at level at which the desired plant is the one that grows the most.
Sand today is a byproduct of chemical and mechanical breakdowns of substances on the Earth. Most types of sand actually originate in soils, where chemical breakdowns of rocks occur, rather than the more common conception of mechanical weathering (Johnsson, 2007). Sand is common among dry desert regions partly because the two processes of breakdowns (chemical and mechanical) naturally occur within in these areas. Sand itself varies in size and composition; it is a grain like substance which forms through the carrying of currents in large bodies of water. This process creates the sand and molds its form. Because sand is made of minerals, some amounts of sand in soil are beneficial to plants, as certain nutrients may be readily available. However, the drawback is that sand is very poor in organic chemicals that are vital to plants.
Potting mix, on the other hand, contains bark, mud, and other richly organic ingredients. Depending on the composition of the potting mix, certain plants may benefit from it more than others. For example, if one potting mix contained more bark than other, the two plants may growth differently due to the individual elements and their amounts. The element Nitrogen (hereafter referred to by its chemical symbol) is prevalent in potting mixes containing certain types of barks. For plants, N is absolutely essential for growth and prosperity. The electronic configuration of N makes the transfer of electrons easy, which translates to better methods of converting energy for the plant to use. Reddy’s study (1995) is a small exploration of the success of various types of bark potting mixes with an emphasis on the role of N and conductive properties of potting mixes.
Fertilizer ingredients vary depending on the type of soil used. Currently, the agricultural community prefers a balanced mixture fertilizer that meets and serves all needs of crops, as detailed in Papendick’s 2007 article. This is relative to the chemical industry section and is based on the needs of farmers for growing certain crops and plants. It is known today that plants thrive on immediate usable compounds that enable the plant to grow. These compounds used must be easily ingested by osmotic means, so that the plant can use them quickly. The chemically engineered fertilizers today are designed to help plants use them as they need them, by creating certain ones that dissolve quickly and others that take time to inhabit the soil and roots of the plant or crop (Chau, 2005).
In one study using chrysanthemums, the population rate for those plants increased and the plants within the population rate which contained fertilizer using the standard level were 4 times higher then plants not having fertilizer for the first four weeks they spend in the greenhouse. Fertilizer has the ability to trap pest population growth and can be used when managing the growth of plants (Chau, 2005).
The first part of the experiment considered population density of Brassica rapa by varying the amount of seeds planted per container. This allowed observation on how a single biotic factor, seedling density, affected the height and mass of the plant. The null hypothesis for this experiment was that population density has no significant effect on the height or biomass of the plant. The alternative hypothesis for this experiment was that population density has significant effect on the height or biomass of the plant.
In another branch of the experiment, different soils were tested to see their effects on various aspects of the plant species Brassica rapa. This was done to see how the abiotic factor of soil affected the height and biomass of the plant. The null hypothesis of this experiment was that type of soil has no significant effect on height or biomass of the plant. The alternative hypothesis was that type of soil has significant effect on height or biomass of the plant.

The effect fertilizer has on Brassica rapa was also tested in this experiment by varying the amount of fertilizer that was put in with the seeds. This was done to show how the abiotic factor of fertilizer affects the height and biomass of the plants. The null hypothesis for this experiment was that the amount of fertilizer has no significant effect on the height or biomass of the plant. The alternative hypothesis was that the amount of fertilizer has significant effect on the height or biomass of the plant.













Materials and Methods
Seedling Density
In order to observe the effect of seedling density on root biomass, forage biomass, and plant height, an experiment was carried out with two main groups. Both groups were planted in 4” plastic potting containers. One group had 2 seeds planted per container, and the other had 10 per container. The containers were filled to the halfway point with potting mix, and then exactly 4 Osmocote smart-release plant food pellets were spaced evenly on top of the mix, and covered the rest of the way with more potting mix until the container was full. The seeds were planted by poking small holes in the soil, and placing the seeds in them. The mix was smoothed around the holes so that the surface of the mix was uninterrupted. Three containers had 2 seeds in them, and 3 other pots had 10 seeds planted in them. All 6 containers were watered sufficiently and stored in the greenhouse for growth for 3 weeks.
Soil
Nine 4-inch plastic potting containers were obtained with 3 plastic containers being used for river mix, 3 for river sand, and 3 for peat moss. All pots were labeled with each individual type of soil used. The pots were filled with the correct type of soil and 4 small holes were poked indicating placement of seeds. Seeds were spaced out accordingly, and a dropper was used to water these plants until water was coming out the end of the potting container. Plants were taken to a greenhouse to be cared for by greenhouse workers and laboratory assistants for 3 weeks.
Amount of Fertilizer
Height and above ground biomass were observed in an experiment with varied fertilizer amounts. Nine 4” plastic pots were filled to the halfway point with a mixture of 50% topsoil and 50% sand. The pots were split into groups of 3. One group of 3 pots was filled with no fertilizer pellets, another group of 3 pots was filled with 2 fertilizer pellets each, and the final group of 3 pots was filled with 4 fertilizer pellets each. Osmocote smart-release plant food was used as the fertilizer in this experiment. This fertilizer was used because it is appropriate to use with indoor, potted plants. All the pots were filled the rest of the way up with the topsoil and sand mixture. In each pot, four Brassica rapa seeds were planted by poking small, evenly spaced holes into the mixture. Once the seeds were in the pots, they were covered with the topsoil and sand mixture and watered. The plants were stored in a greenhouse for 3 weeks.










Results
Population Density


Average Plant Height Average Above-Ground Biomass
2 Seeds 10 Seeds 2 Seeds 10 Seeds
Pot 1 3.80 3.51 Pot 1 0.10 0.05
Pot 2 2.70 3.11 Pot 2 0.03 0.02
Pot 3 2.55 2.91 Pot 3 0.06 0.07
Pot 4 3.60 4.42 Pot 4 0.03 0.06
Pot 5 2.10 2.55 Pot 5 0.04 0.08
Pot 6 2.90 2.50 Pot 6 0.10 0.06
Pot 7 3.90 3.00 Pot 7 0.18 0.08
Pot 8 2.25 2.67 Pot 8 0.08 0.04
Pot 9 3.80 2.13 Pot 9 0.16 0.03
Pot 10 4.10 3.20 Pot 10 0.13 0.07
Pot 11 4.70 3.01 Pot 11 0.09 0.08
Pot 12 3.30 4.00 Pot 12 0.09 0.08
Mean value 3.31 3.08 Mean Value 0.09 0.06



t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances

Variable 1 Variable 2 Variable 1 Variable 2
Mean 3.308333 3.084167 Mean 0.090833 0.06
Variance 0.652197 0.415463 Variance 0.002317 0.000436364
Observations 12 12 Observations 12 12
Pooled Variance 0.53383 Pooled Variance 0.001377
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0 Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
df 22 df 22
t Stat 0.751528 t Stat 2.035382
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.23015 P(T<=t) one-tail 0.027017
t Critical one-tail 1.717144 t Critical one-tail 1.717144
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.4603 P(T<=t) two-tail 0.054034
t Critical two-tail 2.073873 t Critical two-tail 2.073873








The average plant height decreased as the seedling density increased. The average biomass also decreased as the seedling density increased. The p value in figure 3 showed that the null hypothesis failed to be rejected for plant biomass. The p value in figure 4 shows that the null hypothesis was rejected for plant height.
Amount of Fertilizer

Average Plant Height Average Above Ground Biomass
0 Pellets 2 Pellets 4 Pellets 0 Pellets 2 Pellets 4 Pellets
Pot 1 2.75 3.00 0.65 Pot 1 0.08 0.10 0.04
Pot 2 2.85 1.77 2.40 Pot 2 0.10 0.09 0.02
Pot 3 1.53 3.98 3.40 Pot 3 0.05 0.09 0.05
Pot 4 2.75 2.60 1.83 Pot 4 0.04 0.04 0.08
Pot 5 3.22 1.00 2.95 Pot 5 0.04 0.01 0.11
Pot 6 2.65 3.20 3.10 Pot 6 0.04 0.03 0.07
Pot 7 0.95 2.93 3.27 Pot 7 0.06 0.07 0.07
Pot 8 1.93 1.74 3.50 Pot 8 0.10 0.06 0.08
Pot 9 1.35 0.50 4.44 Pot 9 0.03 0.04 0.11
Pot 10 1.55 1.56 0.98 Pot 10 0.06 0.06 0.04
Pot 11 3.58 2.62 3.60 Pot 11 0.11 0.06 0.09
Pot 12 2.28 2.55 2.70 Pot 12 0.06 0.08 0.07
Average Value 2.28 2.29 2.74 Average Value 0.06 0.06 0.07


Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Column 1 12 27.39 2.2825 0.666257
Column 2 12 27.4425 2.286875 0.985524
Column 3 12 32.82 2.735 1.228009


ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 1.622366 2 0.811183 0.845044 0.438623 3.284917651
Within Groups 31.67769 33 0.95993

Total 33.30005 35



Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Column 1 12 0.773 0.064417 0.000689
Column 2 12 0.72 0.06 0.000757
Column 3 12 0.8245 0.068708 0.000719


ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 0.000455 2 0.000228 0.315223 0.731799 3.284918
Within Groups 0.023819 33 0.000722

Total 0.024274 35









The average plant height increased as the amount of fertilizer placed in each container increased. The average biomass also increased as the amount of fertilizer placed in each container increased. The p values of both figures 7 and 8 show that the null hypotheses failed to be rejected.






Discussion
The plants that were put into the greenhouse for this experiment did not grow under optimum conditions, and were stunted or dead after the 3-week growing period. Nevertheless, a few groups survived, although the data retrieved is somewhat compressed. The comparison of means is based on average height or biomass, of all plants in a container, with a container being considered as a data point.
Seedling Density
The containers which held only 2 seeds had a higher mean height value than those with 10 seeds. On average the containers which held 2 seeds grew to a height of 3.31 cm, whereas the containers with 10 seeds grew to a height of 3.08 cm. The p value in the statistical analysis of these data groups showed that the null hypothesis failed to be rejected. The amount of variance between the two groups is not appreciable enough to designate a significant difference when considering population density’s effect on plant height. This experiment showed that population density did not have positive or negative effects on the organism. These results contrast with the experiment of William E. Kunin who found that high population densities have positive effects when it comes to pollination and population size (1997).
Soil Type
None of the plants survived due to the conditions in the greenhouse. As such, no data was available for retrieval. In a 2006 study by Baxter, bacteria was used in the soil as a way to degrade the growth of these plants, given the fact that these microorganisms are used as substrates by microbial species. The growth of the plants in the experiment could have been degraded by such bacteria, though the lack of growth was universal, and not confined to a type of soil. The plants in sand grew just as poorly as those in the peat moss. The average mass of plants with 2 seeds per container was .9 g, and the average mass of plants in the pot with 10 seeds was .6 g. A t-test showed that the null hypothesis needed to be rejected, as the p-value was less than .05, the only p-value in the experiment that rejected any null hypothesis.
Amount of Fertilizer
The average height of the plants in containers with no fertilizer added was 2.28 cm. Average plant height of plants with 2 pellets added was 2.29 cm. The group with 4 pellets added reached an average height of 2.74 cm. Statistical analyses of the data sets using ANOVA tests showed that there is no appreciable statistical difference between the data sets. The null hypothesis, therefore, failed to be rejected. Likewise, plant biomass, with values of .06 g for no pellets, .06 g also for 2 pellets, and .08 g for 4 pellets, had no appreciable statistical difference, as indicated by the unusually large p value of .73 in that particular ANOVA. The null hypothesis failed to be rejected. Evidence found in the Chau study, confirms that the plants which received the most fertilizer from the beginning had the largest growth. Chau’s 2005 experiment showed that plants grew 4 times as much when given fertilizer (standard level) within the first 4 weeks of the study as apposed to the plants that did not have the fertilizer within the first 4 weeks. As the Chau study already suggested (2005), plants with more fertilizer applied are more apt to grow to fuller heights. The conflicting results garnered doubtless can be explained by the poor growing conditions.



Conclusion
Of the three factors tested in this experiment none had significant effect on the height or biomass of the plant, except for seedling density on biomass. No plants survived the test for soil type, therefore no data was recorded. Amount of fertilizer and seedling density data showed slight variances but not enough to be significant, except for the one data set where there was a significant difference in biomasses. This implies that amount of fertilizer and seedling density does not affect the height or biomass of Brassica rapa. Chau’s 2005 study suggests the very opposite in regards to fertilizer, where fertilizer shortened the growing period for plants to mature height. This experiment could have been improved by taking better care of the plants while they grew in the greenhouse; this includes proper watering and sunlight. Because the plants did not grow under optimum conditions, growth was stunted, and the results of the experiment were generally against convention. It is known that density have a particularly strong effect on plant viability (O’Donovan, 1994). Kunin’s study (1997) also stresses the inverse relationship of the magnitude of plant success with population density. While the data sets did show general trends leaning towards convention, the plants were too small, and the data was too compressed for appreciable statistical difference to be measured. For example, in the fertilizer data set, the plant height rose from 2.29 to 2.74 when the amount of pellets was raised from 2 to 4. These trends were too weak to be picked up as being statistically appreciable by various analyses. Implications of this experiment are admittedly limited, unless if one wants to demonstrate the importance of keeping the plants well-tended.


Works Cited
Baxter, J., Garton, N. J., Cummings, S. P. (2006). The Impact of Acrylonitrile and Bioaugmentation of the Biodegradation Activity and Bacterial Community Structure of a Topsoil. Folia Microbiology, 51, 591-597. Retrieved February 23, 2008, from Biomed Central database.
Brassicaceae. (2008). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved February 25, 2008, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9016252
Chau, A., Heinz, K. M., Davies Jr., F. T. (2005). Influences of fertilization on population abundance, distribution, and control of Frankliniella occidentalis on chrysanthemum. The Netherlands Entomological Society, 117, 27-39. Retrieved February 27, 2008, from EBSCOhost database.
Halfill, D. M., Sutherland, J. P., Seok Moon H., Poppy, G. M. Warwick, S. I., Weissinger, A. K., et al. (2005, May 13). Growth, productivity, and competitiveness of introgressed weedy Brassica rapa hybrids selected for the presence of Bt cry1Ac and gfp transgenes. Molecular Ecology, 14, 3177-3189. Retrieved February 25, 2008, from EBSOhost database.
Johnsson, M. J. (2007). Sand. McGraw—Hill Access Science Encyclopædia of Science & Technology Online. Retrieved February 26, 2008, from http://www.accessscience.com/content.aspx?id=600600
Kunin, William E. (1997, April). Population Size and Density Effects in Pollination: Pollinator Foraging and Plant Reproductive Success in Experimental Arrays of Brassica Kaber. The Journal of Ecology, 85, 225-234. Retrieved February 27, 2008, from JSTOR database.
Longacre, A., Papendick, R. I., Parr, J. F. (2007). Fertilizer. McGraw—Hill Access Science Encyclopædia of Science & Technology Online. Retrieved February 26, 2008, from http://www.accessscience.com/content.aspx?id=255000
O’Donovan, John T. (1994 Jul. – Sep.). Canola (Brassica rapa) Plant Density Influences Tartary Buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) Interference, Biomass, and Seed Yield. Weed Science, 42, 385-389. Retrieved February 27, 2008, from JSTOR database.
Oost, E. H., Brandenburg, W. A., Reuling, G. T. M., Jarvis, C. E. (1987, August). Lectotypicfication of Brassica rapa L., B. campestris L. and Neotypification of B. chinensis L. (Cruciferae). Taxon, 36, 625-634. Retrieved February 25, 2008, from JSTOR database.
Reddy, S. K., (1995). An Indication for Suitability of Bark for Use in Potting Mixes. HortScience, 30. Retrieved 27 February, 2008, from EBSOhost database.
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